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Macro-Je family: Krenák group (1 list) : Search within this database Show all notes
new100\zhe\knk
Number: 34
Word: good
Krenak :n bǝt2 Pessoa 2012: 110. Polysemy: 'good / better'.
Number: 1
Word: all
Krenak :pǝndˈǝ 1 Silva 1986: 36; Seki 2004: 141 (n ǝŋgɾˈan is attested only in one source [Silva 1986: 52] and is thus assumed to be less basic; the exact difference between these two roots is unknown.
Number: 2
Word: ashes
Krenak :čakˈu 1 Silva 1986: 34; Monteiro 1948: 31 ({tchá-cú}). Distinct from pɾoŋ, čom=bekʸ=pɾˈoŋ 'coal, embers' [Seki 2002: 23; Silva 1986: 64; Monteiro 1948: 29 ({chompek prom})], glossed as 'ashes' in [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 48 ({thombék prom})].
Number: 3
Word: bark
Krenak :kʸat 1 Silva 1986: 64; Silva 1987: 190; Pessoa 2012: 110; Monteiro 1948: 30, 31, 32, 40 ({cáte ~ cate}); Silva 1924: 83 ({cate}). Polysemy: 'bark / skin / leather'. The same root is found in pǝŋ=gʸˈat 'wax' (literally 'honey skin') [Silva 1924: 79 ({pancat})], čoŋ=gʸˈat 'canoe, boat' ('literally 'tree bark') [Pessoa 2012: 127; Seki 2004: 139; Silva 1924: 78 ({joncati}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({joncát})], kʸat-žičˈa 'fever' (literally 'hot skin') [Estigarribia 1934: 44 ({cat-jit-xá})]. Cf. also {maihõpak} (pronunciation uncertain), glossed as 'bark' in [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 30].
Number: 4
Word: belly
Krenak :kwǝŋ ~ kwǝŋ̊ 1 Silva 1986: 33 (kwǝŋ ); Pessoa 2012: 106 (kwǝ̃ŋ̊ ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 26 ({kuãng}); Monteiro 1948: 29, 33, 44 ({cuáng ~ cuang ~ cuã}); Silva 1924: 82 ({uangni}); Estigarribia 1934: 41 ({cuangue}). Polysemy: 'belly / guts'. Cf. kwǝŋ yapˈok , glossed as 'ventre' in Portuguese in [Monteiro 1948: 44 ({cuang japok})], and kwǝŋ-giopˈo 'intestine' [Pessoa 2012: 200]. Much more widely attested than tũŋ 'belly' [Seki 2002: 25] and čin-n bɾoŋ 'stomach' [Monteiro 1948: 30 ({tchin-broũ})].
Number: 5
Word: big
Krenak :m̊ɾǝm ~ i=m̊ɾˈǝm ~ i=m̊ɾˈam 1 Silva 1986: 65 (i=m̊ɾˈam ); Pessoa 2012: 114 (m̊ɾǝm ~ ĩ=m̊ɾˈǝm ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10, 20 ({imrám ~ imram}); Monteiro 1948: 36 ({himpmaráne}). Another word attested in multiple older sources is pakʸyˈu [Monteiro 1948: 36 ({pakejú}); Silva 1924: 84 ({gipaquijú}); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({pakjú})]; however, it appears that the basic functional opposition ('big / small') is m̊ɾǝm / ton=dˈon [Pessoa 2012: 215].
Number: 6
Word: bird
Krenak :n bakˈǝn1 Silva 1986: 44; Silva 1987: 186; Pessoa 2012: 143 (n n ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10 ({bakãn}); Monteiro 1948: 28, 30, 33, 40 ({bacâ_ne ~ bacáne ~ bacan}); Estigarribia 1934: 44 ({bocann}).
Number: 7
Word: bite
Krenak :kɾop 1 Seki apud Pessoa 2012: 238; Seki 2004: 134; Monteiro 1948: 39 ({crôp}). Seki [2002: 24] also attests apm̊iɲˈik , but this word is absent from other sources.
Number: 8
Word: black
Krenak :xim 1 Silva 1986: 64; Pessoa 2012: 138 (hibn ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 44 ({rim}); Monteiro 1948: 30, 39, 43 ({hime}); Silva 1924: 79 ({rim ~ rime} 'black / coffee'); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({rime}). Polysemy: 'black / dirty'. Distinct from tetˈu {tetú} 'darkened, cloudy' [Monteiro 1948: 34].
Number: 9
Word: blood
Krenak :kumǯˈǝk 1 Silva 1986: 83; Pessoa 2012: 216 (kǝmǯˈuk ); Monteiro 1948: 42 ({camʼ tchâ_k}); Silva 1924: 80 ({camtchak}).
Number: 10
Word: bone
Krenak :žekʸ / kʸyekʸ 1 Silva 1986: 96, 98; Pessoa 2012: 182; Seki 2002: 25; Monteiro 1948: 29, 40 ({jék / kjék}); Silva 1924: 80 ({jek}).
Number: 11
Word: breast
Krenak :mim # 1 Monteiro 1948: 40 ({míme}). The transcription is tentative. Cf. pǝɾˈǝk 'female breast / milk' [Silva 1986: 106; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 40, 41 ({pãrak ~ parãk}); Monteiro 1948: 29, 36, 37, 40 ({pare_u_k}); Silva 1924: 81 ({porak}); Estigarribia 1934: 44 ({parank})].
Number: 12
Word: burn
Krenak :xoŋ 1 Manizer {xьuːm} apud Pessoa 2012: 265; Seki 2004: 137; Monteiro 1948: 41 ({houme ~ hóume}). Attested as transitive in the phrase ti po xoŋ 'burn the foot' [Monteiro 1948: 41 ({ti pó houme})] and as intransitive in am xoŋ ĩ 'something is burning' [Seki 2004: 137]. Cf. pexeɲ (?) 'to light a fire' [Monteiro 1948: 27 ({pe-heĩ})].
Number: 12
Word: burn
Krenak :xaŋgˈǝ # 2 Monteiro 1948: 41 ({haugâ_}). The transcription is tentative. Attested in the phrase kon pǝ um̊ im xaŋgǝ (?), glossed in Portuguese as 'tire que queima' [Monteiro 1948: 41 {cone pâ_ um íme haugâ_}].
Number: 12
Word: burn
Krenak :ǝmbɾˈuk 3 Seki, Manizer apud Pessoa 2012: 265, 286; Monteiro 1948: 41 ({ambruk} 'to light / light').
Number: 13
Word: nail
Krenak :po=ɾiɲ̊ˈat 1 Silva 1986: 44; Silva 1987: 185; Pessoa 2012: 145 (po=ɾĩŋˈat ); Monteiro 1948: 44 ({pó rinhák}); Silva 1924: 82 ({crenat}); Estigarribia 1934: 45 ({ninrát}, also {coparak ni<nr>at} 'jaguar claw').
Number: 14
Word: cloud
Krenak :taɾu=kǝkˈǝ 1 Silva 1986: 63. Literally 'sky smoke'.
Number: 14
Word: cloud
Krenak :amukʸiˈun ~ aŋukʸiɲˈam # 2 Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 7 ({amukiun}); Monteiro 1948: 39 [{angú kinháme}]. The transcription is tentative.
Number: 15
Word: cold
Krenak :čǝk ~ imǯˈǝk ~ žimǯˈǝk # 1 Monteiro 1948: 34 ({tche_u_k ~ imʼche_u_k ~ imetche_u_k ~ gimetche_u_k}). The transcription is tentative. Apparently distinct from ǝmbuɾˈu , which is sometimes glossed as 'cold / wind' [Silva 1986: 34], 'cold' [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 6 ({amburu})] or 'it is cold' [Monteiro 1948: 34 ({amʼburú})] and likely means 'cold weather / windy'.
Number: 16
Word: come
Krenak :nĩ / nĩ-ŋ ~ nĩ-ɲ 1 Seki, Manizer apud Pessoa 2012: 217, 282; Seki 2004: 133, 140; Seki 2002: 25; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 35 ({nin}); Monteiro 1948: 44–45 ({nĩ}). Distinct from yapɾˈǝ (?) 'to arrive' [Monteiro 1948: 31 ({japre_u_})]. Cf. ɲeɾˈen (?) 'comes, I came' [Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({nheren})].
Number: 17
Word: die
Krenak :kwem 1 Silva 1987: 47; Pessoa 2012: 191; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 26 ({kuem}); Monteiro 1948: 27, 34 ({cueme ~ coémʼ}); Silva 1924: 82 ({cuem}); Estigarribia 1934: 42, 46 ({cuéme ~ =cuème ~ =cuême}).
Number: 18
Word: dog
Krenak :n goŋ1 Silva 1986: 52; Pessoa 2012: 106; Seki 2004: 134; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 18 ({gón}); Monteiro 1948: 30 ({ingoũ}); Silva 1924: 80 ({gon}). Possibly a borrowing from Portuguese kɐ̃w̃ {cão} 'dog'.
Number: 19
Word: drink
Krenak :žop 1 Silva 1987: 16; Pessoa 2012: 109; Seki 2004: 142; Monteiro 1948: 29 {jop}; Silva 1924: 82 ({jope}); Estigarribia 1934: 41 ({jóp}). Glossed as 'to suck' in a comparative wordlist by Seki [2002: 21].
Number: 20
Word: dry
Krenak :čǝk # 1 Monteiro 1948: 43 ({umʼ tche_u_k} 'to dry / dry'; {tche_u_-heng-tchin knhĩ} 'to dry meat'). The transcription is tentative. Maybe the same root is attested as {imthep} 'to dry' [Estigarribia 1934: 43].
Number: 21
Word: ear
Krenak :xiŋ̊wˈoŋ ~ xiŋ̊ˈoŋ 1 Silva 1986: 48; Silva 1987: 190; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 44 ({rin-ron}); Monteiro 1948: 40 ({nhaknhône, nhak nhone}); Silva 1924: 81 ({uéon}).
Number: 22
Word: earth
Krenak :n̊akʸ 1 Silva 1987: 187; Pessoa 2012: 137; Seki 2004: 134; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 34 ({nak}); Silva 1924: 78 ({nak}); Monteiro 1948: 34, 43 ({nak ~ nák}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({nac}). Polysemy: 'earth / cultivated field'.
Number: 23
Word: eat
Krenak :ǝmǝŋgˈut 1 Pessoa 2012: 110; Seki 2004: 135, 142 (amaŋgˈut 'food / to eat'); Seki 2002: 22 (amŋgˈut 'food'); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 6 ({amangũto}); Monteiro 1948: 32 ({ʼmcútʼ} 'to eat', {amancút} 'food'); Silva 1924: 82 ({mangut}, {mancut-pram} 'hungry'); Estigarribia 1934: 41 ({muncut}).
Number: 24
Word: egg
Krenak :iŋgˈu ~ ɲiŋgˈu 1 Silva 1987: 62; Seki 2002: 24; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 6 ({âm ãm ingú}); Monteiro 1948: 29, 40 ({ninkú} 'egg', {a-a-han incúk moũ} 'to whip eggs'); Estigarribia 1934: 45 ({aááingú}).
Number: 25
Word: eye
Krenak :kʸitˈom 1 Pessoa 2012: 269; Seki 2002: 23; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 25 ({kitón}); Monteiro 1948: 27, 31, 39 ({ketóm, ketome, ketôme}); Silva 1924: 81 ({quitom}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({kitome ~ ketonn ~ kitone}). Polysemy: 'eye / face / button'. Cf. kʸitˈom kʸe 'eyelashes' [Silva 1986: 64; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 25 ({kitón ké})].
Number: 26
Word: fat
Krenak :xumˈǝ̃ ~ umˈa # 1 Monteiro 1948: 36 ({corek jú humãh} ~ {humãh}); Estigarribia 1934: 46 ({umá}). The transcription is tentative. Cf. n n dˈut (?) 'lard' [Monteiro 1948: 29 ({budút})], yokokˈǝn (?) 'fat (adj.)' [Monteiro 1948: 36 ({jococâne})].
Number: 27
Word: feather
Krenak :m̊ak=kʸˈe ~ n bakˈǝn=kʸˈe 1 Monteiro 1948: 28, 33, 40 ({ʼmpmakê} 'flying feather', {bacâ_ne ké} 'feather'). Literally 'wing hair' and 'bird hair', respectively. Cf. žuk=kʸˈe 'tail feather' [Monteiro 1948: 40 ({jó-ké})]. Seki [Pessoa 2012: 129] also lists m̊ak in this meaning (cf. also {karnimak} in [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 24]), but, most likely, the more precise meaning is 'wing / leg' (cf. {irmak / mak} in [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 20, 30]).
Number: 28
Word: fire
Krenak :čom=bˈekʸ 1 Pessoa 2012: 143; Seki 2004: 38 (glossed as 'to burn'); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 48 ({thombék}); Monteiro 1948: 28, 35 ({chompek ~ tchompék}); Silva 1924: 78 ({jonpek}); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({jonpéc}). Cf. also čom=bekʸ-pɾˈoŋ 'coal, embers' [Silva 1986: 64; Monteiro 1948: 29 ({chompek prom})].
Number: 29
Word: fish
Krenak :n bok1 Silva 1986: 52; Pessoa 2012: 104; Seki 2004: 136; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10 ({bók}); Monteiro 1948: 25, 40 ({ʼmpok ~ umpók ~ pók}); Silva 1924: 80 ({baúk}).
Number: 30
Word: fly
Krenak :mũ / mũ-ŋ 1 Monteiro 1948: 28, 36, 45 ({mũ}). Polysemy: 'to go / to walk / to fly'. Attested only in the meaning 'to go' by other authors [Seki 2004: 133; Seki 2002: 23; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10, 31 ({mum ~ mũm}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({mum} 'to go away')].
Number: 31
Word: foot
Krenak :po 1 Silva 1986: 105; Seki 2002: 24; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 40 ({pó}); Monteiro 1948: 40 ({pó}). Polysemy: 'hand / foot / finger'.
Number: 31
Word: foot
Krenak :po=n ǯˈa 2 Pessoa 2012: 107; Seki 2002: 24; Monteiro 1948: 40 ({pótchá}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({pó-inha}).
Number: 32
Word: full
Krenak :mǝt 1 Silva 1986: 36; Pessoa 2012: 137; Seki 2002: 36; Monteiro 1948: 31 ({mâ_t}).
Number: 33
Word: give
Krenak :um̊ 1 Seki 2004: 137; Monteiro 1948: 32 ({húme}). Monteiro [1948: 32, 40] also lists um̊ˈun (?) {up múne ~ up-mune} 'to give' (might represent the same root), žokžˈek (?) {jók-jék} 'to give', ambˈup (?) {ámp úp ~ ampup} 'to pay' (might represent the same root, the transcription is highly tentative).
Number: 34
Word: good
Krenak :eɾexˈe 1 Silva 1986: 54; Seki 2004: 136 (ɾexˈe ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 14 ({ererré}); Monteiro 1948: 29 ({eré-hé}); Silva 1924: 79 ({ererré}); Estigarribia 1934: 41 ({héréhé}). Polysemy: 'good / beautiful / tasty'.
Number: 35
Word: green
Krenak :ɲĩxˈun # 1 Monteiro 1948: 44 ({nhinrúne}). The transcription is tentative. Monteiro [1948: 44] also lists nũ=n bɾˈuk (?) {nũ bruk}, which is apparently a negation of 'red'. Distinct from ɲom 'green / immature / unripe' [Silva 1986: 36; Seki 2004: 134; Monteiro 1948: 44 ({nhome}); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({inhome})].
Number: 36
Word: hair
Krenak :kɾeŋ=gʸˈe ~ kɾen=kʸˈe 1 Silva 1986: 44, 62; Silva 1987: 186; Pessoa 2012: 119; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 26 ({krenge ~ krengre}); Monteiro 1948: 30 ({creneké}); Silva 1924: 81 ({crenguê}). The unprefixed form kʸe is also attested ([Seki 2002: 22]). The same root is found in kǝn kʸe 'eyebrow' (kɨdn kʸe in Pessoaʼs [2012: 143] transcription), kʸitˈom kʸ e 'eyelashes'. Cf. kɾen 'head', glossed as 'head / hair' by Pessoa [2012: 139] and Estigarribia [1934: 44] ({crenn}).
Number: 37
Word: hand
Krenak :po 1 Silva 1986: 105; Pessoa 2012: 104; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 40 ({pó}); Silva 1924: 82 ({pó} 'hand / finger'); Monteiro 1948: 38, 41 ({pó ~ pô ~ pótepy}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({pó} 'hand', {pó-mem} 'to shake hands'). Polysemy: 'hand / foot / finger'. Cf. po-kɾˈot 'palm' [Monteiro 1948: 40 ({pó crót})]. pok [Pessoa 2012: 199] is likely a typo.
Number: 38
Word: head
Krenak :kɾen 1 Silva 1986: 101; Silva 1987: 187; Pessoa 2012: 111; Seki 2002: 22; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 26 ({kren}); Monteiro 1948: 25, 30, 34, 35, 43 ({créne ~ crene ~ crenʼ}); Silva 1924: 81 ({crene}); Estigarribia 1934: 44 ({crenn} 'head / hair'). Polysemy: 'head / fruit / spike / seed'.
Number: 39
Word: hear
Krenak :poŋ 1 Pessoa 2012: 109; Seki 2002: 23; Monteiro 1948: 40 ({poũ}). Monteiro [1948: 34] also attests apˈǝ (?) {apâ_} and čopˈo (?) {tchopó} 'to listen'.
Number: 40
Word: heart
Krenak :tetˈun 1 Silva 1986: 44; Silva 1987: 185; Pessoa 2012: 116 (tetˈɨŋ ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 48 ({tetum}); Monteiro 1948: 32 ({tetúm}).
Number: 41
Word: horn
Krenak :n ǯuwˈem ~ n ǯowˈem1 Monteiro 1948: 30, 31, 32 ({djuême ~ juême ~ djoéme}).
Number: 42
Word: I
Krenak :ti 1 Silva 1986: 63; Seki apud Pessoa 2012: 223; Seki 2004: 132. Free pronoun. Likely the same word as {tir}, glossed as 'I am going' in [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 49].
Number: 42
Word: I
Krenak :ŋĩɲˈiŋ / ɲik- ~ n giĩŋ- ~ n gĩĩŋ- / ɲi- ~ n gi- ~ n ge- ~ n gii- / ɲ- ~ n g- / ĩm- 2 Silva 1986: 97, 98; Seki (ŋĩŋˈiŋ , apud Pessoa 2012: 223); Seki 2004: 132, 134; Seki 2002: 21 (ŋiɲ ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 35 ({nin}); Monteiro 1948: 25, 38, 45 ({nhik- ~ nhi- ~ nhic ~ nhin / nhiuk ~ nhuk}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({nhicuaum}). Free pronoun / bound form.
Number: 43
Word: kill
Krenak :n bǝk1 Seki 2002: 25; Pessoa 2012: 120; Monteiro 1948: 38 ({ampâ_c}). Silva [1924: 83] lists a derivative of the verb 'to die': te=kwˈem (?) {té-cuem}. Cf. also eŋgɾˈo (?) 'to kill by stabbing' [Monteiro 1948: 38 ({encró})], nũ pak tom čon (?) 'to behead' [Monteiro 1948: 33 ({nũ pak tom tchonʼ})].
Number: 44
Word: knee
Krenak :kʸikɾˈi 1 Silva 1986: 187; Seki 2002: 22 (kʸikɾˈe ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 25, 26 ({krukri}); Monteiro 1948: 27, 37 ({kekrý ~ kecrý}). Cf. also kʸyupˈo (?), glossed as 'knee' in [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 25, 26 ({kiupó})].
Number: 45
Word: know
Krenak :yažˈi 1 Silva 1987: 48; Seki, Manizer apud Pessoa 2012: 238, 268; Monteiro 1948: 32, 42 ({jagy ~ jagý}); Silva 1924: 83 ({jagi} 'to understand'); Estigarribia 1934: 41 ({jagi}). Polysemy: 'to know / to understand / to answer correctly / to be acquainted / to know how to'.
Number: 46
Word: leaf
Krenak :žǝt 1 Silva 1986: 64; Pessoa 2012: 182; Seki 2002: 25 (žǝt ~ žɨt ); Monteiro 1948: 35 ({je_u_t}). According to Monteiro, it can refer to leaves of vines, pumpkin, potatoes and other plants. Apparently distinct from žam 'seed', which is also attested in the meaning 'wide leaf' by Monteiro [Monteiro 1948: 35 ({jame}]. Note that, while Monteiro explains that žam him {jamʼhime} 'bean bush' literally means 'black leaf', this expression should be rather glossed as 'black seed'. Yet another root, kuɾˈit , is found in [Silva 1986: 86], but it is not attested in other sources.
Number: 47
Word: lie
Krenak :wip 1 Pessoa 2012: 104; Seki 2004: 138; Silva 1924: 82 ({ui} 'deitar'). Probably the same root is attested by Monteiro [1948: 33] as {cuýp} 'to lie down'.
Number: 48
Word: liver
Krenak :kupˈǝŋ 1 Silva 1986: 44; Silva 1987: 193; Pessoa 2012: 111; Seki 2002: 23; Monteiro 1948: 35 ({cupang}). Glossed as 'stomach' in [Pessoa 2012: 116].
Number: 49
Word: long
Krenak :ɾon ~ eɾˈon 1 Silva 1986: 55, 63; Pessoa 2012: 276; Seki 2004: 133, 134; Seki 2002: 25; Monteiro 1948: 30, 32, 37 ({rône ~ orône ~ arone}). Polysemy: 'long / tall'. Cf. also powˈĩ ~ pawˈĩ (?) 'tall' [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 40 ({pauím}); Monteiro 1948: 28 ({pouín})].
Number: 50
Word: louse
Krenak :aŋ̊ˈǝm 1 Silva 1986: 59; Seki 2002: 24 (ŋǝm ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 7, 20 ({anram ~ imrãm}); Silva 1924: 80 ({hynham}). Monteiro [1948: 41] lists another root: ɲ̊ĩɲ̊ˈǝ̃ (?) {knhĩ-knhã}.
Number: 51
Word: man
Krenak :waxˈa ~ kwaxˈa 1 Silva 1986: 84 (waxˈa ); Pessoa 2012: 112 (kwaxˈa ); Seki 2004: 134 (kwaxˈa ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 52 ({uarrá}); Monteiro 1948: 36, 38 ({uahá}); Estigarribia 1934: 40 ({uahá}). Glossed as 'Indian man'. Cf. kɾaˈi ~ kɾaʔˈi 'white man' [Silva 1986: 59, 107; Seki 2004: 138; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 25 ({kraí}); Monteiro 1948: 29 ({craý, cray}); Silva 1924: 79 ('man')], n̊ǝŋ 'male' [Silva 1986].
Number: 52
Word: many
Krenak :ɲǝ̃wˈit ~ ɲawˈit 1 Silva 1986: 54, 64 (ɲawˈit ); Pessoa 2012: 139, 221; Seki 2004: 135, 136 (ɲǝ̃wˈit ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 7, 20 ({inhauito ~ inhauit ~ inhaut} 'many / four'); Monteiro 1948: 39 ({nhã-uýte} 'many, several'); Silva 1924: 83 ({inhaute}). Cf. yokˈan i=ɲǝ̃wˈit (?) {jocann inhauite} 'four' [Estigarribia 1934: 44]. Apparently a more basic root than eɾˈuk ~ xuɾˈuk (?) [Monteiro 1948: 39 ({erúca} 'many, several'); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({huruk})] and uɾuxˈu [Monteiro 1948: 39 ({ruhú} 'many, enough')] (glossed as 'four' in [Pessoa 2012: 221]).
Number: 53
Word: meat
Krenak :čin 1 Silva 1986: 44; Silva 1987: 186; Pessoa 2012: 105 (čiŋ ); Monteiro 1948: 29, 30, 31 ({tchin}); Estigarribia 1934: 46 ({tchim}). Polysemy: 'animal / game / meat'. The form {uine} [Silva 1924: 80] is likely the same root; the author also lists čiŋ-guɾˈan (as {tchinguram} 'thirsty'), which can be literally understood as 'to want meat' and, most likely, means 'hungry'.
Number: 53
Word: meat
Krenak :ɲik 2 Seki 2002: 24; Monteiro 1948: 31 ({nhiik}).
Number: 54
Word: moon
Krenak :n̊omiˈakʸ ~ tomiˈakʸ 1 Silva 1986: 47, 106; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 35, 49 ({nomiak ~ tomiak}).
Number: 54
Word: moon
Krenak :m̊uɲˈakʸ 2 Pessoa 2012: 110, 141; Monteiro 1948: 38 ({munhák ~ munhak}); Silva 1924: 78 ({munhak}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({munhac}).
Number: 55
Word: mountain
Krenak :upˈikʸ ~ yupˈikʸ 1 Silva 1986: ̩96; Monteiro 1948: 39 ({jopyk}); Silva 1924: 78 ({jopik}). Distinct from kɾakʸ 'knife / iron / stone saw / turtle shell / hail' [Silva 1986: 45; Pessoa 2012: 111; Seki 2004: 134; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10, 25 ({krak ~ krák}); Monteiro 1948: 30, 34, 35, 43 ({crak, crák}); Silva 1924: 78 ({crak}); Estigarribia 1934: 42, 43 ({carac})], which is glossed as 'stone, mountain' in a comparative wordlist by Seki [2002: 22, 37].
Number: 56
Word: mouth
Krenak :yepikʸˈi / kʸipikʸˈi 1 Silva 1986: 93; Silva 1987: 190; Pessoa 2012: 128 (kʸi=yepɨkʸˈi ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 25 ({kipiki}); Monteiro 1948: 29 ({japikýh} 'lower lip / mouth'); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({japeki}).
Number: 56
Word: mouth
Krenak :xi-m̊ˈa 2 Monteiro 1948: 29, 37 ({himpmã} 'mouth / lip'); Silva 1924: 81 ({ninchmá}). Not attested in modern sources but nevertheless included as a synonym: at least Monteiro [1948] lists both roots.
Number: 57
Word: name
Krenak :unǯˈakʸ 1 Seki 2004: 135; Seki 2002: 25 (n
Number: 58
Word: neck
Krenak :župˈuk / kʸyupˈuk 1 Silva 1986: 33; Pessoa 2012: 111 (kʸipˈuk ); Seki 2002: 23 (=puk ); Monteiro 1948: 40, 41 ({jipúk / kjipok}). Cf. kɾen=ɲˈon (?) 'nape' [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 26 ({krenró}); Monteiro 1948: 39].
Number: 59
Word: new
Krenak :Not attested. Cf. oɾˈan 'young' [Silva 1986: 37; Monteiro 1948: 39 ({orang}); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({orã})].
Number: 60
Word: night
Krenak :ǝmbˈim 1 Pessoa 2012: 123 ('in the morning'), 214 ('night'); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 6 ({ambim} 'night', {ambimbim} 'morning / dawn'); Monteiro 1948: 39 ({taru ampýme} 'dark night, late night', taɾˈu stands for 'sky'); Silva 1924: 78 ({ampim}). Monteiro [1948: 39] also lists taɾˈu tetˈu {tarú tetú} 'night' (literally 'dark sky') and taɾˈu m̊ɾuk-m̊ɾˈuk (?) {tarú mʼruc mʼruc} 'evening'.
Number: 61
Word: nose
Krenak :žin / kʸiˈin 1 Silva 1986: 55, 96; Silva 1987: 190; Pessoa 2012: 182; Seki 2002: 24; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 18 ({gin}); Monteiro 1948: 39 ({kjýne}); Silva 1924: 81 ({gin}); Estigarribia 1934: 45 ({gena}). Apparently {june / kjúne} 'beak', attested in [Monteiro 1948: 29], is the same word; cf. also pǝɾˈǝk žin (?) {pare_u_k gine/june} 'nipple' (literally 'the nose of the breast').
Number: 62
Word: not
Krenak :nuk 1 Silva 1986: 36; Pessoa 2012: 236; Seki 2004: 133, 137; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 35, 41 ({nuk}); Monteiro 1948: 39 ({nuk}); Silva 1924: 79 ({nuk}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({nuc}). Monteiro lists {nũ} alongside {nuk}, which might be the same word or a distinct nominal negation (nũ? ). Cf. anˈem {annem}, which likely means 'no' [Monteiro 1948: 39], and the prohibitive particle nũŋ [Pessoa 2012: 237].
Number: 63
Word: one
Krenak :pučˈikʸ 1 Silva 1986: 59; Pessoa 2012: 221; Seki 2004: 136; Seki 2002: 25; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 40 ({potik}); Monteiro 1948: 43, 44 ({potchík ~ pótchik ~ potchik}); Estigarribia 1934: 41, 44 ({potic ~ potick ~ potin}). Polysemy: 'one / alone / only / single / few'. According to Estigarribia, another root of Tupí-Guaraní origin is used in Santa Cruz/Aldeia Velha: epˈe {epê} (cf. musapuɾ=epˈe {muçapure epê} 'four').
Number: 64
Word: person
Krenak :n buɾˈuŋ #1 Silva 1986: 64; Pessoa 2012: 116; Seki 2004: 135; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10 ({burúm}); Monteiro 1948: 25 ({borum}); Silva 1924: 84 ({borum}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({burum}). Means 'indigenous person'. Monteiro [1948: 36] also cites kiɲˈin (?) {knhin} and kʸyakʸ ǝnǯˈuk {kjak antchuk}, glossed in Portuguese as 'gente' ('folk', 'humans'); at least the former is likely the 1INCL pronoun [Seki 2004: 132] and the latter means 'you guys are brothers' (cf. kʸyakʸ 'brother' [Silva 1986: 48] and ǝnǯˈuk 'you guys' [Silva 1986: 35; Seki 2002: 132]).
Number: 65
Word: rain
Krenak :m̊iɲaŋ=pˈǝ ~ m̊iɲǝŋ=pˈǝ 1 Seki (m̊uɲaŋ=pɨ , apud Pessoa 2012: 237); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 30 ({minhang epã}); Monteiro 1948: 31 ({mʼnhan pâ_}); Estigarribia 1934: 46 ({munhangue pá}). The bare root m̊iɲˈaŋ ~ m̊iɲˈǝŋ 'water' is also found in this meaning [Seki 2002: 23; Silva 1924: 83 ({munhan-munhan})].
Number: 65
Word: rain
Krenak :ǝmbuɾˈu 2 Pessoa 2012: 121 ('wind / rain'). Silva [1986: 34] lists this word in the meaning 'wind / cold'. Polysemy: 'wind / cold weather / rain'.
Number: 66
Word: red
Krenak :n bɾˌuk-uk-ˈuk1 Pessoa 2012: 200; Seki 2002: 21; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10 ({brukuku}); Monteiro 1948: 44 ({brucucúk}); Silva 1924: 79 ({brucuʼcuʼ}); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({brucukú}). Probably derived from n žin n bɾuk (?) 'red beak' [Monteiro 1948: 29 ({june bruk})], nũ n bɾuk (?) 'green' (= 'not red'?) [Monteiro 1948: 44 ({nũ bruk})].
Number: 67
Word: road
Krenak :n bɾoŋ1 Silva 1986: 44; Silva 1987: 186; Seki 2004: 134; Seki 2002: 25; Pessoa 2012: 127 (n n ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10 ({brõn}); Monteiro 1948: 30 ({braũ}); Silva 1924: 78 ({braum}).
Number: 68
Word: root
Krenak :yopˈok 1 Silva 1986: 47. Monteiro [1948: 42] lists another root: čon=žitˈakʸ (?) {tchone gitác}.
Number: 69
Word: round
Krenak :xõˈekʸ ~ ŋõˈekʸ 1 Pessoa 2012: 126 (hõˈekʸ ); Seki 2002: 37 (ŋõˈekʸ ).
Number: 70
Word: sand
Krenak :umiˈaŋ ~ umiˈǝŋ ~ ɲumiˈǝŋ 1 Silva 1986: 59, 83 (umiˈaŋ ~ umiˈǝŋ ); Pessoa 2012: 115 (ɲˌumiˈɨŋ ); Silva 1924: 78 ({omunhan} 'beach'); Monteiro 1948: 28 ({nho mʼnhang}). Cf. also n̊ak=n gɾop (?) [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 34 ({nak gróp}).
Number: 71
Word: say
Krenak :awŋ 1 Pessoa 2012: 268; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 38 ({on}); Monteiro 1948: 34 ({aũ}); Silva 1924: 82 ({an}). Glossed as 'to speak', but can apparently refer to single speech acts [Pessoa 2012: 270-271].
Number: 72
Word: see
Krenak :pip 1 Pessoa 2012: 104; Seki 2004: 134; Seki 2002: 23; Monteiro 1948: 31, 44 ({pip} 'to see', {amʼpipe nuk} 'blind'); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({pip, acangpip}). Cf. the root kǝŋ (?), found in [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 25 ({konoé akang} 'looking'); Monteiro 1948: 44 ({câ_ng} 'to see'); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({acangpip} 'to see')].
Number: 73
Word: seed
Krenak :žam 1 Silva 1986: 44; Silva 1987: 186; Seki 2002: 25; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 22 ({jam}); Monteiro 1948: 31, 43 ({jáme} 'seed', {pont-jâme} 'fruit stone'). Cf. čam 'testicle, scrotum' [Silva 1986: 101; Monteiro 1948: 34 ({tchame})]. Monteiro [1948: 25, 30, 34, 35, 43] cites the meaning 'seed' for kɾen {créne ~ crene ~ crenʼ} alongside 'head / fruit / spike', but this is definitely not the basic root for the meaning in question.
Number: 74
Word: sit
Krenak :ɲ̊ep ~ ɲep / xep 1 Silva 1986: 107 (ɲ̊ep / xep ); Pessoa 2012: 115 (ɲep ); Seki 2004: 138 (ɲep ); Seki 2002: 24 (ɲep / yep / hep ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 35, 44 ({nhép} 'remains', {rinhép} 'to sit down'); Monteiro 1948: 43 ({nhiép}); Estigarribia 1934: 44 ({répp} 'to sit', {inhep} 'to sit / to remain'). Silva [1924: 82] also lists xit (?) {rit}.
Number: 75
Word: skin
Krenak :kʸat 1 Silva 1986: 64; Silva 1987: 190; Seki 2002: 21; Monteiro 1948: 30, 31, 32, 40 ({cáte ~ cate}); Silva 1924: 83 ({cate}, only 'bark'). Polysemy: 'bark / skin / leather'. The same root is found in pǝŋ=gʸˈat 'wax' (literally 'honey skin') [Silva 1924: 79 ({pan-cat})], čoŋ=gʸˈat 'canoe, boat' ('literally 'tree bark') [Pessoa 2012: 127; Seki 2004: 139; Silva 1924: 78 ({joncati}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({joncát})], kʸat-žičˈa 'fever' (literally 'hot skin') [Estigarribia 1934: 44 ({catjitxá})]. Silva [1924: 81] also lists ži {gi}.
Number: 76
Word: sleep
Krenak :xumˈe ~ ŋumˈe 1 Pessoa 2012: 126 (humˈe ); Seki 2002: 24 (ŋumˈe ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 45 ({rumé}). Older sources list another root: kukʸyˈun (?) [Monteiro 1948: 33, 43 ({cukjunʼ ~ cukjúne ~ cucujune}); Silva 1924: 83 ({crukjuni}; Estigarribia 1934: 41 ({cakjunc} 'to sleep / dream')].
Number: 77
Word: small
Krenak :ton=dˈon 1 Silva 1986: 44; Silva 1987: 186; Pessoa 2012: 120 (tondˈodn ); Seki 2004: 134; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 44, 49; Monteiro 1948: 40 ({tontóne}). Glossed as 'small pig' in [Estigarribia 1934: 41 ({tonton})]. Cf. n̊aŋ=ton=dˈon 'child' [Seki 2004: 133; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 34 ({nãn tondon ~ nãn ton done})]. A second candidate is kɾuk-nim (?), glossed as 'small' by Estigarribia [1934: 41 ({cruknim})] and attested as a modifier (kɾakʸ=kɾuk-nim (?) {caraccruknim} 'switchblade', literally 'small knife'; the same word is glossed as 'child' in [Silva 1924: 79 ({cruknim})] and as 'tiny' [Monteiro 1948: 40 ({cruk nhiine})], cf. {niknhiine} 'tiny' [Monteiro 1948: 40]. Yet another candidate word for this meaning is m̊ekʸ=m̊ˈekʸ , glossed as 'small' in [Silva 1924: 84 ({méque-méque}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 (in {pum mek mek} 'small gun')]; the same word is glossed as 'short (of height)' in [Silva 1986: 104; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 30 ({mẽk mẽk})] and as 'short' in [Monteiro 1948: 32 ({meik-meik})]. It appears that the basic functional opposition ('big / small') is m̊ɾǝm / ton=dˈon [Pessoa 2012: 215].
Number: 78
Word: smoke
Krenak :kǝkˈǝ 1 Silva 1986: 63; Pessoa 2012: 120 (čom=bˈekʸ=ikˌɨk ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 24 ({kãkã}); Monteiro 1948: 35 ({ʼnhâ_kâ_}). Estigarribia [1934: 43] lists another root: amom̊ˈon (?) {amokmon}. Yet another root is cited by Monteiro [1948: 35]: čom=bekʸ=taxˈom (?) {chompek tá-home} (cf. in=daxˈom ~ inaŋ=taxˈom (?) {intá hóme ~ innang tá home} 'to smoke' [ibid.]. kum , glossed as 'smoke / tobacco' by Seki [2002: 23], is attested only in the meaning 'tobacco' elsewhere [Silva 1986: 36; Pessoa 2012: 76; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 27 ({kum})].
Number: 79
Word: stand
Krenak :ɲiɲ 1 Seki 2002: 21. Cf. the root ti ~ texi (?) [Monteiro 1948: 33 ({té-hý} 'standing'; Silva 1924: 82 ({ti} 'to rise')].
Number: 80
Word: star
Krenak :tom̊ɾeˈet 1 Silva 1986: 59; Pessoa 2012: 110 (tˈonn bɾeˌet ); Seki 2002: 38 (tomɾeˈet ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 49 ({tromeet}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({tommehc}). Possibly the same root is attested in {et-et} [Silva 1924: 78]. Cf. also {lumiak} 'star' [Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 49] (see 'moon').
Number: 81
Word: stone
Krenak :takɾˈuk 1 Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 48 ({takruk}); Monteiro 1948: 40 ({tacrúk}); Silva 1924: 78 ({tacruk}); Estigarribia 1934: 45 ({tacruk}). Distinct from kɾakʸ 'knife / iron / stone saw / turtle shell / hail' [Silva 1986: 45; Pessoa 2012: 111; Seki 2004: 134; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10, 25 ({krak ~ krák}); Monteiro 1948: 30, 34, 35, 43 ({crak, crák}); Silva 1924: 78 ({crak}); Estigarribia 1934: 42, 43 ({carac})], which is glossed as 'stone, mountain' in a comparative wordlist by Seki [2002: 22, 37].
Number: 82
Word: sun
Krenak :tepˈo 1 Silva 1986: 34; Silva 1987: 194; Pessoa 2012: 110; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 48 ({tepó}); Monteiro 1948: 38, 43 ({tepó}); Silva 1924: 78 ({tepó}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({tepó}).
Number: 83
Word: swim
Krenak :žum / xum / kʸyum 1 Manizer (apud Pessoa 2012: 266); Monteiro 1948: 39 ({kjúme}). Polysemy: 'to swim / to bathe'. Attested in the latter meaning also in [Silva 1986: 83; Silva 1987: 194; Pessoa 2012: 236; Seki 2004: 142; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 45 ({rum})]. It is unclear if {murruʼ} 'to swim' [Silva 1924: 82] represents the same root. Cf. mũkɾˈak (?) {mũcʼrák} 'to dive' [Monteiro 1948: 38].
Number: 84
Word: tail
Krenak :žuk / kʸyuk 1 Silva 1986: 53; Pessoa 2012: 141; Seki 2004: 137; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 25 ({kiuk} 'penis'); Monteiro 1948: 31 ({juk} 'tail', {kjúk} 'penis'); Silva 1924: 82 ({quijuʼk} 'penis'). Polysemy: 'tail / penis'. Cf. ya=žˈuk (?) {jajúk} 'fish tail' [Monteiro 1948: 31], yenetapˈut ~ n bok=yenetapˈut (?) {genetapút ~ ʼmpok genetapút} 'fish tail' [Monteiro 1948: 31], žuk-kʸˈe {jó-ké ~ jóké} 'tail feather' [Monteiro 1948: 40, 42].
Number: 85
Word: that
Krenak :xĩɾǝ̃ # 1 Seki (apud Pessoa 2012: 220). Glossed as 'there'. Also found in čon=xĩɾˈǝ̃ 'a distant forest' [Monteiro 1948: 38 ({tchonʼ heráne})]. Polysemy 'there / that' is assumed because a similar situation is observed with proximal deixis.
Number: 86
Word: this
Krenak :n gǝm ~ n gǝn1 Silva 1986: 91 (n n apud Pessoa 2012: 220); Seki 2004: 134 (n tokon-ˈim (?) {toconʼime}, glossed as 'this' in [Monteiro 1948: 37] but not attested in phrases (cf. tokˈon (?) {tocône ~ tocone} 'what?' [Monteiro 1948: 41]).
Number: 87
Word: thou
Krenak :xotˈi ~ xutˈi 1 Silva 1986: 16 ('thou'); Seki (apud Pessoa 2012: 223); Seki 2004: 132; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 45 ({rutí}); Monteiro 1948: 27, 43, 44, 45 ({oti ~ otei ~ otý ~ ti}). Free pronoun.
Number: 87
Word: thou
Krenak :a- ~ ã- ~ x- 2 Silva 1986: 105 ('thy'); Seki apud Pessoa 2012: 223; Seki 2002: 21 (a- / an ). Bound form.
Number: 88
Word: tongue
Krenak :žičˈok / kʸičˈok 1 Pessoa 2012: 111; Seki 2002: 24 (čok ); Monteiro 1948: 37 ({itchók}); Silva 1924: 81 ({jitiok}).
Number: 89
Word: tooth
Krenak :žun / kʸyun 1 Silva 1986: 48, 64, 96; Silva 1987: 194; Pessoa 2012: 182; Seki 2002: 21; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 25 ({kiun}); Monteiro 1948: 33 ({kjunʼ}); Silva 1924: 81 ({june}); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({kijume}).
Number: 90
Word: tree
Krenak :čon 1 Silva 1986: 44; Silva 1987: 186; Pessoa 2012: 115 (glossed in Portuguese as 'pau'); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 48 ({thón} 'firewood / stick'); Monteiro 1948: 31, 37, 40 ({tchone ~ tchomʼ ~ tchône}, glossed in Portuguese as 'pau'); Silva 1924: 78 ({tchou} 'tree', {jan} 'stick'); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({jon}). Polysemy: 'tree / stick / wood'. The words čoŋ-gwˈem 'firewood' (literally 'dead wood') [Silva 1986: 48; Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({joncuême})], čom-bˈekʸ 'fire' [Silva 1924: 78 ({jonpek}); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({jonpéc})] and čoŋ-gʸˈat 'canoe, boat' (literally 'tree bark') [Pessoa 2012: 127; Seki 2004: 139; Silva 1924: 78 ({joncati}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({joncát})], among others, are derived from this root. Monteiro [1948: 28] attests čon žǝt {tchone je_u_t} 'tree', but this apparently means 'leaf'.
Number: 90
Word: tree
Krenak :ǝmbowˈok 2 Pessoa 2012: 128; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 6 ({amboók}).
Number: 91
Word: two
Krenak :n gɾimbˈo1 Silva 1986: 36; Pessoa 2012: 221; Seki 2004: 139; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 18 ({grimbó}); Monteiro 1948: 33 ({grimpó}); Estigarribia 1934: 44 ({qrimpó}). According to Estigarribia, another root of Tupí-Guaraní origin is used in Santa Cruz/Aldeia Velha: mokoɲa (?) {moconha} (cf. musapuɾe=mokoɲa (?) {muçapure moconha} 'five').
Number: 92
Word: go
Krenak :mũ / mũ-ŋ 1 Seki 2004: 133; Pessoa 2012: 106; Seki 2002: 23; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 10, 31 ({mum ~ mũm}); Monteiro 1948: 28, 36, 45 ({mũ}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({mum} 'to go away'). Polysemy: 'to go / to walk / to fly'.
Number: 93
Word: hot
Krenak :ičˈa ~ žičˈa 1 Silva 1986: 62, 65 (ičˈa ); Pessoa 2012: 107 (ičˈa ); Seki 2002: 21 (ičˈa ); Monteiro 1948: 30, 35, 41 ({gitchá} 'heat / fever / hot'); Estigarribia 1934: 43, 44 (tepˈo žičˈa {tepó jitxá} 'hot sun', kat žičˈa {cat jitxá} 'fever'). Cf. uʔˈu 'to sweat / sweat / very hot' [Silva 1986: 102; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 52 ({úh-úh}); Monteiro 1948: 41 ({hú-hú}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({uh-uh})].
Number: 94
Word: water
Krenak :m̊iɲˈaŋ ~ m̊iɲˈǝŋ 1 Silva 1986: 16, 54; Pessoa 2012: 140, 216 (m̊ɨɲˈǝŋ, m̊ɨɲˈaŋ ); Seki 2004: 137; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 30 ({minhang ~ minhan}); Monteiro 1948: 27 ({mʼnhã ~ mʼnhang}); Silva 1924: 78 ({munhan}), 83 ({munhan-munhan} 'rain'); Estigarribia 1934: 41 ({munhangue}). Apparently m̊ɨɲˈaŋ 'river' [Seki 2004: 135] and m̊uɲˈaŋ 'rain' [Seki 2002: 23] are the same word.
Number: 95
Word: we1
Krenak :kĩɲˈiŋ 1 Seki apud Pessoa 2012: 223; Seki 2004: 132. Inclusive.
Number: 95
Word: we2
Krenak :n gɾen ~ nĩn gɾˈen2 Seki apud Pessoa 2012: 223; Seki 2004: 132; Monteiro 1948: 39 ({nangrâ_ne}). Exclusive.
Number: 96
Word: what
Krenak :am-nˈim 1 Pessoa 2012: 232; Seki 2004: 139. Cf. kõ-nˈim 'which, how' [Pessoa 2012: 232; Seki 2004: 139]. Monteiro [1948: 41] lists another root: tokˈon (?) {tocône ~ tocone}.
Number: 97
Word: white
Krenak :žiɾˈun ~ žiɾˈum 1 Silva 1986: 37 (žiɾˈun ); Silva 1987: 194 (žiɾˈun ); Pessoa 2012: 106 (žiɾˈubn ); Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 18, 26, 30 ({girum ~ jirum}); Monteiro 1948: 32 ({girúm} 'light color'); Silva 1924: 79 ({girum}); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({girum}). Distinct from ɲom 'green / immature / unripe' [Silva 1986: 36; Seki 2004: 134; Monteiro 1948: 44 ({nhome}); Estigarribia 1934: 42 ({inhome})], glossed as 'white / light color' in [Monteiro 1948: 29, 32 ({nhome})].
Number: 98
Word: who
Krenak :inˈaŋ 1 Pessoa 2012: 232; Seki 2004: 139; Seki 2002: 38. Monteiro [1948: 41] lists {miná}, which might be a mistranscription of the same word.
Number: 99
Word: woman
Krenak :n ǯukn̊ǝŋ ~ n ǯuknǝn ~ n ǯuknaŋ1 Silva 1986: 35 (n n n xiɲoɾˈa ~ kʸiɲoɾˈa ~ kʸĩɲoɾˈa 'white woman' [Silva 1986: 36, 107; Pessoa 2012: 227; Seki 2004: 134] (cf. {nhoraʼ} 'woman' [Silva 1924: 79], {nhonrã} 'well-dressed woman' [Monteiro 1948: 39]), yapˈu ~ yopˈu 'mother' [Silva 1924: 79 ({japuʼ} 'mother'); Estigarribia 1934: 40 ({jopuʼ} 'mother / woman')]; žipunǝn (?) {jipunan} 'girl' [Estigarribia 1934: 40, 42]. Clearly a more basic word than {jutinais} [Estigarribia 1934: 44], whose pronunciation is not entirely clear, or kɾoponim (?) [Monteiro 1948: 39 {croponýme} 'any woman who is not {nhonrã}'].
Number: 101
Word: far
Krenak :xwaŋ ~ xuwˈaŋ 1 Silva 1986: 64 (xwaŋ ); Pessoa 2012: 219 (xuwˈan ); Seki 2004: 135 (xuwˈaŋ ); Seki 2002: 37 (xuwˈaŋ ); Monteiro 1948: 37, 45 ({uáng}). Another root, amuɾˈom ~ amoɾˈon (?), is attested in older sources [Silva 1924: 83 ({amurom}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 ({amorone})].
Number: 102
Word: heavy
Krenak :m̊ukɾˈan ~ m̊ukɾˈǝŋ 1 Silva 1986: 60; Pessoa 2012: 141 (m̊ukɾˈǝŋ ), Seki (m̊ɨkǝɾˈǝŋ , apud Pessoa 2012: 216); Seki 2004: 134 (m̊ɨkaɾˈaŋ ); Monteiro 1948: 41 ({mukʼráne}). Estigarribia [1934: 47] lists kɾat (?) {crat}.
Number: 103
Word: near
Krenak :ɲaɾˈeɲ 1 Pessoa 2012: 219; Seki 2004: 139; Monteiro 1948: 41 ({nhareĩ}). Monteiro [1948: 38, 41] also lists amenek (?) {ámenék} 'near' and čon=am=takwi (?) {tchonʼ amʼ tacuý} 'a closeby forest' [Monteiro 1948: 38].
Number: 104
Word: salt
Krenak :čakʸ 1 Pessoa 2012: 127; Seki 2002: 21; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 30, 48 ({minhang tchak} 'salty water', {thíac} 'salt'); Monteiro 1948: 42 ({tchák}).
Number: 105
Word: short
Krenak :m̊ekʸ=m̊ˈekʸ 1 Monteiro 1948: 32 ({meik-meik}). Also means 'short' according to Seki (apud [Pessoa 2012: 37]). Glossed as 'small' in [Silva 1924: 84 ({méque-méque}); Estigarribia 1934: 43 (in {pum mek mek} 'small gun')] or 'short (of height)' in [Silva 1986: 104; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 30 ({mẽk mẽk})].
Number: 106
Word: snake
Krenak :n gɾan ~ n gɾaŋ1 Silva 1986: 51 (n n n ); Seki 2004: 134 (n n žom (?) {jóme}.
Number: 107
Word: thin
Krenak :Not attested. Cf. ɲ̊en 'thin, slim' [Silva 1986: 44; Monteiro 1948: 38 ({nieĩ ~ nhien})].
Number: 108
Word: wind
Krenak :ǝmbuɾˈu 1 Silva 1986: 34 ('wind / cold'); Pessoa 2012: 121 ('wind / rain'). Polysemy: 'wind / cold weather / rain'. Silva [1924: 78] attests taɾˈu {taruʼ} 'air / wind' in this meaning; in other sources only the meaning 'sky' is attested [Silva 1986: 54; Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010: 48 ({taru}); Estigarribia 1934: 41, 43 ({taurú / toru-})]. Monteiro [1948: 44] attests taɾˈu=n guŋ̊ˈũ (?) {tarú guknhũ} and taɾˈu=akˈu (?) {tarú acú}. Yet another root is attested by Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues [2010: 52]: wen tenˈin ~ wen (?) {uen tenin ~ uen}.
Number: 109
Word: worm
Krenak :nekɾˈǝn # 1 Monteiro 1948: 39 ({nekʼrýn}).
Number: 110
Word: year
Krenak :yokˈon-m̊akɲǝm ~ yokˈon-m̊akɲ̊am # 1 Monteiro 1948: 28 ({jocone makinhâme}), literally 'old past'.
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